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Interface Segregation is a principle in software design that emphasizes the creation of specific and cohesive interfaces. It promotes the idea that clients should not be forced to depend on interfaces they do not use. By segregating interfaces into smaller, more focused units, we can achieve better encapsulation, reduce coupling, and enhance code maintainability.

The Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP) is a fundamental principle in object-oriented programming. It states that subclasses should be able to be used in place of their parent classes seamlessly. Adhering to LSP ensures that code remains robust, maintainable, and extensible, allowing for polymorphism and enabling the use of interfaces and abstract classes effectively.

This article provides a comprehensive exploration of the Null Object Pattern in programming. The technique helps enhance code by offering a default substitute for non-existent objects, improving readability, and maintainability. Practical examples and potential pitfalls of the pattern are also discussed.

The Open-Closed Principle (OCP) is a key principle in object-oriented programming that states software entities should be open for extension but closed for modification. It encourages designing modules that can be easily extended with new functionality without modifying existing code. By adhering to the OCP, we create software systems that are more flexible, maintainable, and resistant to changes.

The Single Responsibility Principle (SRP) states that a class or module should have only one reason to change. It promotes a clear and focused responsibility for each component, making code easier to understand, maintain, and extend. By adhering to SRP, developers can achieve higher cohesion and lower coupling, resulting in more robust and scalable software systems.